Thursday, June 14, 2018

Redundancies T - U - V - W

T

  • tall (in height)
  • tall (in stature)
  • (temper) tantrum
  • ten (in number)
  • three a.m. (in the morning)
  • (three-way) love triangle
  • time (period)
  • (tiny) bit
  • (total) destruction
  • (true) facts
  • (truly) sincere
  • tuna (fish)
  • (twelve) noon or midnight
  • (two equal) halves

U

  • (ultimate) goal
  • undergraduate (student)
  • (underground) subway
  • (unexpected) emergency
  • (unexpected) surprise
  • (unintentional) mistake
  • (universal) panacea
  • (unnamed) anonymous
  • UPC (code)
  • (usual) custom

V

  • vacillate (back and forth)
  • (veiled) ambush
  • (very) pregnant
  • (very) unique
  • visible (to the eye)

W

  • (wall) mural
  • warn (in advance)
  • weather (conditions)
  • weather (situation)
  • whether (or not)
  • (white) snow
  • write (down)

Redundancies R - S

R

  • raise (up)
  • RAM (memory)
  • reason is (because)
  • reason (why)
  • recur (again)
  • re-elect (for another term)
  • refer (back)
  • reflect (back)
  • (regular) routine
  • repeat (again)
  • reply (back)
  • retreat (back)
  • revert (back)
  • rise (up)
  • round (in shape)

S

  • (safe) haven
  • (safe) sanctuary
  • same (exact)
  • (sand) dune
  • scrutinize (in detail)
  • self-______ (yourself)
  • separated (apart from each other)
  • (serious) danger
  • share (together)
  • (sharp) point
  • shiny (in appearance)
  • shut (down)
  • (single) unit
  • skipped (over)
  • slow (speed)
  • small (size)
  • (small) speck
  • soft (in texture) [or (to the touch)]
  • sole (of the foot)
  • spell out (in detail)
  • spliced (together)
  • start (off) or (out)
  • (still) persists
  • (still) remains
  • (sudden) impulse
  • (sum) total
  • surrounded (on all sides)

Redundancies O - P

O

  • off (of)
  • (old) adage
  • (old) cliche
  • (old) custom
  • (old) proverb
  • (open) trench
  • open (up)
  • (oral) conversation
  • (originally) created
  • output (out of)
  • (outside) in the yard
  • outside (of)
  • (over) exaggerate
  • over (with)
  • (overused) cliche

P

  • (pair of) twins
  • palm (of the hand)
  • (passing) fad
  • (past) experience
  • (past) history
  • (past) memories
  • (past) records
  • penetrate (into)
  • period (of time)
  • (personal) friend
  • (personal) opinion
  • pick (and choose)
  • PIN (number)
  • pizza (pie)
  • plan (ahead)
  • plan (in advance)
  • (Please) RSVP
  • plunge (down)
  • (polar) opposites
  • (positive) identification
  • postpone (until later)
  • pouring (down) rain
  • (pre)board (as an airplane)
  • (pre)heat
  • (pre)record
  • (private) industry
  • (present) incumbent
  • present (time)
  • previously listed (above)
  • proceed (ahead)
  • (proposed) plan
  • protest (against)
  • pursue (after)

Redundancies M - N

M

  • made (out) of
  • (major) breakthrough
  • (major) feat
  • manually (by hand)
  • may (possibly)
  • meet (together)
  • meet (with each other)
  • (mental) telepathy
  • merge (together)
  • might (possibly)
  • minestrone (soup)
  • mix (together)
  • modern ______ (of today)
  • (mutual) cooperation
  • (mutually) interdependent
  • mutual respect (for each other)
  • (number-one) leader in ________

N

  • nape (of her neck)
  • (native) habitat
  • (natural) instinct
  • never (before)
  • (new) beginning
  • (new) construction
  • (new) innovation
  • (new) invention
  • (new) recruit
  • none (at all)
  • nostalgia (for the past)
  • (now) pending

Redundancies I - J - K - L

I

  • (illustrated) drawing
  • incredible (to believe)
  • indicted (on a charge)
  • input (into)
  • integrate (together)
  • integrate (with each other)
  • interdependent (on each other)
  • introduced (a new)
  • introduced (for the first time)
  • (ir)regardless
  • ISBN (number)

J

  • join (together)
  • (joint) collaboration

K

  • kneel (down)
  • (knowledgeable) experts

L

  • lag (behind)
  • later (time)
  • LCD (display)
  • lift (up)
  • (little) baby
  • (live) studio audience
  • (live) witness
  • (local) residents
  • look (ahead) to the future
  • look back (in retrospect)

Redundancies F - G - H

F

  • (face) mask
  • fall (down)
  • (favorable) approval
  • (fellow) classmates
  • (fellow) colleague
  • few (in number)
  • filled (to capacity)
  • (final) conclusion
  • (final) end
  • (final) outcome
  • (final) ultimatum
  • (first and) foremost
  • (first) conceived
  • first (of all)
  • fly (through the air)
  • follow (after)
  • (foreign) imports
  • (former) graduate
  • (former) veteran
  • (free) gift
  • (from) whence
  • (frozen) ice
  • (frozen) tundra
  • full (to capacity)
  • (full) satisfaction
  • fuse (together)
  • (future) plans
  • (future) recurrence

G

  • gather (together)
  • (general) public
  • GOP (party)
  • GRE (exam)
  • green [or blue or whatever] (in color)
  • grow (in size)

H

  • had done (previously)
  • (harmful) injuries
  • (head) honcho
  • heat (up)
  • HIV (virus)
  • hoist (up)
  • (hollow) tube
  • hurry (up)

Redundancies D - E

D

  • depreciate (in value)
  • descend (down)
  • (desirable) benefits
  • (different) kinds
  • disappear (from sight)
  • drop (down)
  • during (the course of)
  • dwindle (down)

E

  • each (and every)
  • earlier (in time)
  • eliminate (altogether)
  • emergency (situation)
  • (empty) hole
  • empty (out)
  • (empty) space
  • enclosed (herein)
  • (end) result
  • enter (in)
  • (entirely) eliminate
  • equal (to one another)
  • eradicate (completely)
  • estimated at (about)
  • evolve (over time)
  • (exact) same
  • (exposed) opening
  • extradite (back) 

Redundancies B - C

B

  • bald(-headed)
  • balsa (wood)
  • (basic) fundamentals
  • (basic) necessities
  • best (ever)
  • biography (of his--or her--life)
  • blend (together)
  • (boat) marina
  • bouquet (of flowers)
  • brief (in duration)
  • (brief) moment
  • (brief) summary
  • (burning) embers
  • C

    • cacophony (of sound)
    • cameo (appearance)
    • cancel (out)
    • (careful) scrutiny
    • cash (money)
    • cease (and desist)
    • circle (around)
    • circulate (around)
    • classify (into groups)
    • (close) proximity
    • (closed) fist
    • collaborate (together)
    • combine (together)
    • commute (back and forth)
    • compete (with each other)
    • (completely) annihilate
    • (completely) destroyed
    • (completely) eliminate
    • (completely) engulfed
    • (completely) filled
    • (completely) surround
    • (component) parts
    • confer (together)
    • connect (together)
    • connect (up)
    • confused (state)
    • consensus (of opinion)
    • (constantly) maintained
    • cooperate (together)
    • could (possibly)
    • crisis (situation)
    • curative (process)
    • (current) incumbent
    • (current) trend 

Redundancies A

A

  • (absolutely) essential
  • (absolutely) necessary
  • (actual) facts
  • advance (forward)
  • (advance) planning
  • (advance) preview
  • (advance) reservations
  • (advance) warning
  • add (an additional)
  • add (up)
  • (added) bonus
  • (affirmative) yes
  • (aid and) abet
  • (all-time) record
  • alternative (choice)
  • A.M. (in the morning)
  • (and) etc.
  • (anonymous) stranger
  • (annual) anniversary
  • (armed) gunman
  • (artificial) prosthesis
  • ascend (up)
  • ask (the question)
  • assemble (together)
  • attach (together)
  • ATM (machine)
  • autobiography (of his or her own life)


200 Common Redundancies in English

One way to cut the clutter in our writing is to eliminate repetitious expressions. Because we so often see and hear redundancies (such as "free gifts" and "foreign imports"), they can be easy to overlook. Therefore, when editing our work, we should be on the lookout for needless repetition and be ready to eliminate expressions that add nothing to what's already been said.
Now does this mean that repetition must be avoided at all costs, or that good writers never repeat themselves?
Certainly not. Careful repetition of key words and sentence structures can help establish clear connections in our writing. And in Effective Rhetorical Strategies of Repetition, we consider how writers may rely on repetition to emphasize or clarify a central idea.
Our concern here is with eliminating needless repetition — redundant expressions that make writing longer, not better. Following are some of the common redundancies in English. In certain contexts, some of these phrases may serve a purpose. More often, however, the phrases just weigh down our writing with unnecessary words. We can eliminate the needless repetition in each case by omitting the word or phrase in parentheses.

Monday, March 19, 2018

Tongue Twisters

Tongue twister is an informal term for a word group that's hard to pronounce properly.
A form of verbal play, tongue twisters rely on a sequence of phonemes that are similar but distinct, and therefore difficult to articulate clearly and quickly.

Examples and Observations

  • "We supply wristwatches for witchwatchers watching witches Washington wishes watched."
    (James Thurber, Lanterns and Lances. Harper, 1961)
     
  • Top chopsticks shops stock top chopsticks.
     
  • "Chester chooses chestnuts, cheddar cheese with chewy chives. He chews them and he chooses them. He chooses them and he chews them. . . . those chestnuts, cheddar cheese and chives in cheery, charming chunks."
    (Singing in the Rain, 1952)
     
  • "Just about everything in this world is easier said than done, with the exception of 'systematically assisting Sisyphus's stealthy, cyst-susceptible sister,' which is easier done than said."
    (Lemony Snicket, The Hostile Hospital. HarperCollins, 2001)
     
  • Dr. Seuss's Silly Stuff
    "Try to say this, Mr. Knox, please. . . .

    "Through three cheese trees three free fleas flew.
    While these fleas flew, freezy breeze blew.
    Freezy breeze made these three trees freeze.
    Freezy trees made these trees' cheese freeze.
    That's what made these three free fleas sneeze.

    "Stop it! Stop it!
    That's enough, sir.
    I can't say such silly stuff, sir."
    (Dr. Seuss, Fox in Socks. Random House, 1965)
     
    • Betty Botta
      "Betty Botta bought some butter;
      'But,' said she, 'this butter's bitter!
      If I will put it in my batter,
      It will make my batter bitter.
      But a bit o' better butter
      Will but make my batter better.'
      Then she bought a bit o' butter
      Better than the bitter butter,
      Made her bitter batter better.
      So 'twas better Betty Botta
      Bought a bit o' better butter."
      (Carolyn Wells)
       
    • The Best Tongue Twister
      "The best tongue-twister is not 'Betty beat a bit of butter to make better batter.' No. Nor is it 'Black bugs blood.' Or 'Rubber buggy bumpers.' No. And it's not 'Of all the smells I have ever smelt, I never smelt a smell that smelt like that smell smelt.' No, no, no. The best tongue-twister is 'A peck of pickled pepper Peter Piper picked. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper, where's the peck of pickled pepper Peter Piper picked?' If you can come up with a better tongue-twister than this I will buy you blackberries, buttons, and a box of mixed biscuits."
      ("Dr Sansom's Extreme Facts." The Guardian, November 3, 2007)
       
    • "Pad Kid Poured Curd Pulled Cold"
      "Forget Peter Piper and his Peck of Pickled Pepper--psychologists have come up with what may be the world's most frustrating tongue twister.

      "It may not make much sense, but the phrase 'pad kid poured curd pulled cold' completely defeated volunteers taking part in a U.S. speech study.

      "Asked to repeat the phrase 10 times at a fast lick, many of the participants clammed up and stopped talking altogether, according to lead researcher Dr Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel, from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Boston. . . .

      "The tongue twister study, presented at the annual meeting of the Acoustical Society of America in San Francisco, was conducted to shed light on the brain's speech-planning processes."
      ("Can YOU Say 'Pad Kid Poured Curd Pulled Cold'?" The Daily Mail [UK], December 4, 2013)
       
    • "At a Minute or Two to Two"
      "What a to-do to die today at a minute or two to two.
      ’Tis a thing distinctly hard to say, and harder still to do.
      For they’ll beat a tattoo at twenty-to-two,
      A rat-a-tat, tat-a-tat, tat-a-tat, tat-a-tattoo,
      And the dragon will come when he hears the drum,
      At a minute or two to two today, at a minute or two to two."
      (Author unknown)
       
    • Who Sells Sea Shells by the Seashore?
      "Mary Anning was one of the few women to make a success in paleontology and one of the fewer still whose success was not linked to that of a paleontologist spouse (or any spouse: she was single). She made five major fossil discoveries from 1811 to her death in 1847, and many lesser ones.

      "Why then is she best known as the inspiration for the tongue twister 'She sells sea shells by the seashore'?

      "The answer lies in her gender, her poverty, her lack of formal education, her regional accent--as it might even today."
      (Katherine Bouton, "Tale of an Unsung Fossil Finder, in Fact and Fiction." The New York Times, February 1, 2010)
       
    • Writing 'Rite"
      "A right-handed fellow named Wright,
      In writing 'write' always wrote 'rite'
      Where he meant to write right.
      If he'd written 'write' right
      Wright would not have wrought rot writing 'rite.'"
      (anonymous)